In this proposed rule, the Council for Environmental Quality (“CEQ”) states that it “proposes these changes in order to better align the provisions” with CEQ's perspective on “how NEPA can best inform agency decision making” as well as “NEPA's statutory text and purpose, including making decisions informed by science.” In this Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, CEQ proposes to restore the substance of “effects” and “cumulative impacts” of the 1978 regulations that were removed from the 2020 regulations so that every reference in the NEPA regulations to “effects” includes “direct, indirect, and cumulative effects.”